India, now the world’s most populous country with 1.45 billion people, faces declining fertility rates, particularly in its southern states. Leaders in states like Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu are advocating for higher birth rates due to concerns over demographic changes affecting electoral representation and federal revenue allocation. These states have achieved below-replacement fertility rates but fear a loss of political power as population shifts may favor more populous northern states. Additionally, India’s rapid aging population presents challenges for social security and healthcare due to fewer young people entering the workforce.