Microplastics and nanoplastics pose significant health risks for humans and wildlife, with evidence linking them to inflammation, immune disruption, and even cardiovascular issues. Research indicates their presence in human tissues and potential harm to the microbiota. A major international treaty discussion on plastic pollution is set to begin in South Korea, highlighting the urgency in addressing this environmental crisis. Experts stress the need for immediate action to mitigate exposure and understand the complex toxicity of various plastics and additives.